P-Value Calculator

P-Value Calculator from Z-Score

This p-value calculator performs a two-tailed z-test to determine statistical significance. The z-score is calculated using the formula: z = (x̄ - μ) / (σ / √n), where x̄ is the sample mean, μ is the population mean, σ is the standard deviation, and n is the sample size.

Understanding P-Values

The p-value represents the probability of observing a test statistic as extreme as, or more extreme than, the observed value under the null hypothesis. A p-value less than 0.05 is typically considered statistically significant, suggesting that the observed difference is unlikely to have occurred by chance alone.

Applications

• Hypothesis testing for research studies
• T-test statistical analysis
• Z-test significance testing
• Academic research and data science
• Quality control and A/B testing